Skip to main content
Defiance International

Study type: In vivo/preclinical · Verification: Citation verified

The in vivo effect of VIP, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 and mRNA expression of their receptors in rat middle meningeal artery.

Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache · 2009

Study scale: Not reported in the declared source.

Bibliographic details only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • VIP: Catalog source association. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

No public summary

No plain-language summary is published in this record. Summary availability is separate from its verification. Consult the cited publication when a public link is available.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not reported in the declared source.

Citation verified. The PMID shown was confirmed at PubMed on 2026-08-16, and its study type matched the catalog’s source record. It is held as a citation, not evidence. No tier is an endorsement, an evidence-strength rating, or independent replication, and none establishes efficacy, safety, or suitability.