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Defiance International

Study type: In vitro · Verification: Citation verified

The human beta-defensins (-1, -2, -3, -4) and cathelicidin LL-37 induce IL-18 secretion through p38 and ERK MAPK activation in primary human keratinocytes.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2005

Study scale: Not reported in the declared source.

Bibliographic details only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Catalog source association. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

No public summary

No plain-language summary is published in this record. Summary availability is separate from its verification. Consult the cited publication when a public link is available.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not reported in the declared source.

Citation verified. The PMID shown was confirmed at PubMed on 2026-08-16, and its study type matched the catalog’s source record. It is held as a citation, not evidence. No tier is an endorsement, an evidence-strength rating, or independent replication, and none establishes efficacy, safety, or suitability.