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Defiance International

Published study records

Study records for LL-37

Study records describe published research and its limitations. They do not establish efficacy, safety, or suitability for any use.

Study record counts

2,133 study records.

92 evidence-verified · 761 citation-verified · 1,280 citation-only

Verified records by research setting

  • Human research: 151
  • In vitro: 555
  • In vivo/preclinical: 147
  • Review/meta-analysis: 0
  • Other: 0
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Current study records

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Design and Screening of the Peptide SAMP-12aa Derived from LL-37, Which Exhibits Anti-H. Pylori Activity and Immunomodulatory Effects.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: Human research · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Acute effects of continuous and interval cycling on salivary SIgA and anti-microbial peptide secretions: a randomized crossover trial.

European journal of applied physiology · 2026

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

The interplay between hormonal vitamin D and lipopolysaccharide signaling on human neutrophil transcriptional responses.

Frontiers in immunology · 2025

Study scale: Not reported in the declared source.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not reported in the declared source.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

The antibacterial effect of human adipose-derived stem cells on LL-37-resistant bacteria.

PloS one · 2025

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: Human research · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Elevated LL-37/FPR2 Axis and its Regulatory Role for Gingival Fibroblasts in Periodontitis.

International dental journal · 2025

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Public plain-language summary

Some fields are not published, because the text held for them did not answer their heading. The published text is limited to the declared source and preserves reported uncertainty. It does not establish efficacy, safety, suitability, or evidence strength.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Periodontitis, the sixth most prevalent global disease affecting 50-90% of the population, is characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, causing gingival recession, periodontal pockets formation, alveolar bone loss, tooth mobility, and eventual tooth loss.1,2 Its pathogenesis involves complex interactions between specific pathogens and host immune responses, leading to irreversible periodontal damage.3 Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying immune mechanisms to enhance therapeutic approaches for this condition.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not reported in the declared source.

Comparator

Fifty-seven periodontitis patients and fifty-seven healthy controls were included to assess the levels of LL-37 and FPR2 in gingival tissues, gingival crevicular fluid and GFs, as well as to assess their correlation with disease progression.

Outcomes examined

The publicly available GEO dataset GSE1613438 was obtained from the National Center of Biotechnology Information for analyzing the expression of LL-37 and FPR2 in healthy and inflamed gingival tissues.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Synthetic antimicrobial peptide LD4-PP protects the host against E. coli-induced cell death.

Frontiers in immunology · 2025

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vivo/preclinical · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Functional roles of purified yapsins from Candida glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabratus) in immune modulation and cross-species biofilm formation.

Scientific reports · 2025

Study scale: Not reported in the declared source.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not reported in the declared source.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: Human research · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Antimicrobial Peptides of the Cathelicidin Family: Focus on LL-37 and Its Modifications.

International journal of molecular sciences · 2025

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Designing Analogs of SAAP-148 with Enhanced Antimicrobial and Anti-LPS Activities.

International journal of molecular sciences · 2024

Study scale: The geometric mean of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (GM) from the five strains was calculated to provide a comprehensive assessment of antimicrobial activity, as presented in Table 4.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Public plain-language summary

Some fields are not published, because the text held for them did not answer their heading. The published text is limited to the declared source and preserves reported uncertainty. It does not establish efficacy, safety, suitability, or evidence strength.

Research question

In this study, we employed Lys-scan to produce a series of amphiphilic SAAP-148 analogs derived from the SAAP-148 sequence to investigate the impact of the distribution of positively charged residues on the biological viability of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

Study design

Not reported in the declared source.

Participants or experimental system

Nevertheless, their clinical application continues to pose challenges such as potential human toxicity, susceptibility to degradation under harsh environmental conditions (due to sensitivity to proteases and extreme pH), and lack of specificity for particular strains.

Study scale

The geometric mean of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (GM) from the five strains was calculated to provide a comprehensive assessment of antimicrobial activity, as presented in Table 4.

Intervention or exposure

Specifically, cell viability following treatment with 25 μM concentrations of SAAP-4, SAAP-7, and SAAP-148 was 96.88%, 98.22%, and 14.9%, respectively.

Comparator

The replacement of lysine led to a reduction in hemolytic activity compared to SAAP-148, with slightly higher haemolysis rates observed in SAAP-11 and SAAP-13.

Outcomes examined

The physical properties and biological activity of the designed peptides were subsequently compared.

Key findings

SAAP-148, a derivative of LL-37, exhibits a well-defined amphipathic structure and enhanced antimicrobial activity; however, it also displays significant cytotoxicity towards human cells.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Modulation of innate immunity related genes resulting in prophylactic antimicrobial and antiviral properties.

Journal of translational medicine · 2024

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vivo/preclinical · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

Discovery of novel antibacterial agent for the infected wound treatment: all-hydrocarbon stapling optimization of LL-37.

Theranostics · 2024

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.

Study type: In vitro · Status: Evidence verified by machine against declared source

LL-37 regulates odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in an inflammatory microenvironment.

Stem cell research & therapy · 2024

Study scale: Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Abstract only: Open source record

Product or molecular entity relationships

  • LL-37: Exact entity relationship. Legacy citation custody associates this source with the catalog record; no product-relevance conclusion is implied.

Summary withheld

No summary text is published for this record: the text held for each field did not answer the heading it was filed under. This does not change the record’s review status.

Research question

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study design

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Participants or experimental system

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Study scale

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Intervention or exposure

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Comparator

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Outcomes examined

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Key findings

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Limitations and uncertainty

Not published. The text held for this field did not answer this heading, so nothing is shown here and nothing is substituted for it.

Product relevance and evidence boundary

This record is a published study, held here with its citation and review status. It is not a statement that any catalog item is effective, safe, or suitable for any use, and nothing in it is a dose or a protocol.

Evidence verified by machine against declared source. Verification is limited to the declared source and review scope. It does not mean independent replication or establish efficacy, safety, or suitability.